Implications for the 350ml target 18 figures 1 real oil and petrol prices 6 2 sorghum and molasses prices in 200304 dollars 16 tables 1 selected fuel excise rates 1 2 excise transition path for fuels entering the excise net 2 3 threshold ethanol and biodiesel prices 8. In reality, increasing biofuel levels to 10% is expected to generate even greater costs since higher biofuel content will require modifications to existing engines, components and fuel distribution infrastructure. Energy information administration biofuels issues and trends 1 highlights biofuels is a collective term for liquid fuels derived from renewable sources, including ethanol, biodiesel. The material in this paper may be reproduced for noncommercial purposes provided full credit is given to the author and to iied. The production of liquid biofuels globally and particularly in the us is growing at a tremendous rate, driven by concerns over energy security, the price of crude oil, and emissions of greenhouse gases. Jul 24, 2012 mitigating indirect effects of biofuel production pdf, 2806kb appendices. Even the most efficient producers of ethanol outside brazil are not. Incorporated as a notforprofit foundation in 1971, and headquartered in geneva, switzerland, the forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. In the process of biofuel production, the choice of the feedstock plays a major. Overview of biofuel pathways a these include gasoline or diesel equivalents, syngas and hydrogen. Betos advanced algal systems program has a goal to demonstrate an algal biofuel intermediate yield of 2,500 gallons per acre per year by 2018 and 5,000 gallons per acre per year by 2022. Biofuel production as copra production for export off island is still part of rotumas economy, the use of copra for local oil production is feasible on rotuma. In the context of global trade, sustainability certification may be instrumental to ensuring that widespread biofuel.
Researchers strive to reduce cost and time of algal biofuel. Almost 50% of this cost can be cut down by the sale of byproducts obtained out of the process. In the longer term, possibly within the next decade, advances in biofuel production and the use of new feedstocks could lead to greater, more costeffective reductions. How will biofuel production affect food security and poverty. Advice on the economic and environmental impacts of government. Sustainable development of algal biofuels in the united states. Department of energy doe biomass programs national algal biofuels technology roadmap. Additional production costs of biofuels to meet red target in 2020 in million euros. Advanced biofuels potential for cost reduction iea bioenergy. How will biofuel production affect food security and. Most nations now have policies to promote the production of liquid biofuels. An increase in the production of ethanol is foreseen to be the result of the conversion of agricultural wastes and municipal solid residues into ethanol using the so. Cutting the cost of ethanol, other biofuels and gasoline. In the short term, conventional biofuel production processes in iea countries could help reduce oil use and thence greenhouse gas emissions, although the costs may be high.
A range of business models can be considered for the commercialisation of the biofuel production. A cost and benefit, case study analysis of biofuels. Mediumrun 201516 projected crop production levels for major producing. Biofuels production, trade and sustainable development. In 2005, neither biofuel was costcompetitive with petroleum ethanol. As a consequence, depending on the biofuel production technology, the dh price, the discount rate level and the annual operating time the biofuel production costs are between 7% and 15% higher when the ems weo450 is considered figs. Corn, as the primary crop used for biofuels, has seen the greatest price increases, and 70% of the growth in corn production was for biofuel production mitchell, 2008. Pena 2008 biomass part of plants used conversion step products oilseed crops fats and oils chemical transesteri. Typically, the enzymes tapped to help turn switchgrass, corn stover corn stalks, leaves and other leftovers and poplar into biofuels amount to about 20 percent of production costs, said. Biofuels being derived from biomass, they are one of the most renewable and biodegradable sources of energy present. Biodiesel is the name given to a renewable diesel fuel that is produced from fats and oils. The outlook to 2020 for conventional biofuels is mixed, as food prices are projected to remain high. Dabhadkar2 1,2 department of chemical engineering, institute of chemical technology, india abstract.
Jul 29, 2016 production of liquid biofuels from grains in the so. Conservation biofuel production shall avoid negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and conservation value areas. This approach takes into account the net costs of feedstock production as well as capital and operating costs for the production of fuel. Environmental benefits and costs cornell university. Cost optimization of biofuel production the impact of scale. Furthermore, we analyse the main assumptions, modelling approaches and results of the algal biofuel pathways, in terms of energy and greenhouse gas ghg emissions balances, considered in the lca literature. Simultaneous implementation of all cost reduction strategies yielded minimum biofuel production costs of 18. The most important determining factors are the cost of oil and the cost of the feedstock, which constitutes more than half of todays production costs. Taken together these measures can reduce the production costs range for biofuels produced from biomass feedstocks to between 42 and. Researchers strive to reduce cost and time of algal. They also have the potential to have a negative impact on biodiversity and competition for water in some regions.
Food prices have risen sharply in the past few years, especially for cereals and vegetable oils, in part because they are used both for food and biofuel production. First generation biofuel production has contributed to recent increases in world prices for food and animal feeds. Jul 05, 2017 typically, the enzymes tapped to help turn switchgrass, corn stover corn stalks, leaves and other leftovers and poplar into biofuels amount to about 20 percent of production costs, said. Cno production should be done using small modular milling equipment that minimises risk and allows expansion of local oil production in line with demand. Limiting the economies of scale was shown to cause the largest. Biofuels production costs in select countries, 2004 and 200753 figure 18. Biofuel was produced from forestry biomass using hydrothermal liquefaction and hydroprocessing. In addition, higher transport costs increased the costs of imported food.
Technologies to produce liquid biofuels for transportation 3 figure 1. Integration of biofuel production into district heating. Usda biofuels strategic production report june 23, 2010 2 over the last 60 years, the percentage of the u. Annie dufey, 2006, biofuels production, trade and sustainable development. This paper provides a resource and technological assessment of biofuel feedstocks, compares biofuel production costs from various feddstocks and. Projected fuel production costs and biofuels prices in 2010 and 2020 in euro per litre. Cost optimization of biofuel production the impact of. A plantation model that encourages private farmers to produce the jatropha seed on their own properties. One way of decreasing such costs is to produce these enzymes within crop biomass. It consists of the simple alkyl esters of fatty acids, most typically the.
The global food import bill in 2007 was 29% higher than in 2006, and most of the increase was due to increased prices for cereals and vegetable oils, which are also feedstocks for biofuel production. Energy information administration biodiesel performance, costs, and use. Technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production from. The conclusions of the gummersbach workshop include the following. Technologies to produce liquid biofuels for transportation. A usda regional roadmap to meeting the biofuels goals of. Biofuels disadvantages of biofuelscost biofuel information. A second step would involve determining how much of the crop residues produced could be actually removed and used for biofuel production. Breakeven prices for corn maize ethanol and crude oil with and without subsidies55 figure 19. The world economic forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Production of liquid biofuels from grains in the so. The national algal biofuels technology roadmap workshop, held december 910, 2008, was convened.
Although some important advances have been made to lay the foundations for plant genetic engineering for biofuel production, this science is still in its infancy sticklen, 2008. There are several aspects of algal biofuel production that. Bioenergy resources corn, sorghum, sugar cane animal fat, vegetable oil foodbased municipal solid waste msw millurban wood waste agricultural residues forest wastethinnings industrial processing waste nonfoodbased short rotation. The main crops used in ethanol production are sugar cane and maize, with oil palm and rapeseed most often used to produce biodiesel table 1. Approach could lower cost and eliminate need for antibiotics during. Support provided at different points in the biofuels.
A cost and benefit, case study analysis of biofuels systems. Technoeconomic analysis can biofuels be produced at competitive prices. Advice on the economic and environmental impacts of government support for biodiesel production from tallow pdf. Sugar crops natural oils from plants like oil palm, soybean, or algae, wood and its byproducts flaxseed, rapeseed primarily in europe. Mitigating indirect effects of biofuel production pdf, 2806kb appendices. Biodiesel fuel for diesel engines is produced from vegetable oil or animal. Although biofuels are often seen as a desirable, green. Relatedly, 24 assessed the costs for production of biofuels from. Approach could lower cost and eliminate need for antibiotics during biofuel production sciencedaily. May 08, 2014 biofuel production contributes to the growth of food prices by reducing food production. First, second and third generation the 2nd generation biodiesel includes liquid fuels derived from jatrapha seed oil and from a catalytic conversion pro cess of. Brazil, production costs of essentially all firstgeneration biofuels in all countries are inherently high due to the use of highcost feedstocks. Biofuels issues and trends energy information administration. Economics of smallscale biodiesel production tennessee state.
The set of processes that lead from algae cultivation to collection and harvest, and finally to fuel conversion is termed the pathway for algal biofuel production. Total production costs for conventional ethanol and biodiesel. Costs of biofuels mainly depend on labor and land costs, feedstock, oil market and agricultural subsidies. Prepared with the input of more than 200 scientists, engineers, industry representatives, research managers, and other stakeholders, this document represents the synthesis of the biomass programs national algal. Introduction to biofuel university of california, berkeley. This chapter describes several contrasting pathways that lead from algae cultivation to. Cellulosic ethanol appears capable of greater energy savings and better environmental impacts than cornbased ethanol, but it is just beginning to be produced at.
123 938 1192 1131 572 1135 724 696 858 379 964 1456 668 630 149 792 337 730 1138 853 564 1502 1141 1332 252 1430 266 838 290 1194 51 529 991 1137 580 670